Lincoln Electric expansion to India Essay

Market entry strategy involves the essential requirement for a company to get into international level. The need of involving other companies whereby two companies join together is referred to as joint venture entry. They get into a similar market and make the same production with the aim of sharing risk and at the same time they share the profit according to their terms of agreement (Kretzberg, 2007). Therefore, Lincoln Electric Company has a chance to join with other company to venture in the Indian market. Through the joint venture strategy in Indian market, Lincoln Electric has a chance of attracting wider market share in the region. The major consideration is done through extensive study of the market situation through various considerations. Market environment has a wide consideration depending on the factors such as political, social and economic integration. The basic considerations that Lincoln Company has to consider are directed in achievement in the market increase (Hastings, 1995). Concerning the Indian market structure, introduction of welding company is essential in reference to the technological improvement. The factors concerning the technology in the region, it covers the different aspects especially in developing market. While considering joint venture strategy in international market, the major considerations are made depending on business environment. This involves political, economic and social culture of the region. External environment Political status of the region helps in decision making regarding international marketing and business establishment. The major factors are on the risks that are involved while setting the business and the response from the market. The references are done in respect to the intention of the company and the level of investment (North & Trabajo, 1997). Lincoln Electric has a high chance of introducing its operation at Indian industries due to stability in the political field. The issues regarding the political  situation in India are attractive to the investors. There is no major threat regarding the Lincoln Electric company investing in the region. The Lincoln Electric company has to take advantages of the political situation in India. The Indian government offers full support in the provision of security and ensuring investments are safeguarded. On international investors, the government acknowledges their participation in the provision of employment in the region (Theobald, 2008). Therefore, they take high initiative in protecting the companies through different acts regarding business and industries. The political will in Indian government in upholding the foreign companies ensures development throughout. Therefore, political stability of the country has a major effect on the business setting and its operation. Economics background India has a promising economic situation whereby investors consider it as a strong initiative leading to prosperity. Lincoln Electric Company has to consider long term condition regarding the market and economy of the region. The basis of market and competition helps in introducing appropriate measures regarding the future of the Lincoln Electric company. The management has chosen appropriately the markets that have a promising future and having the market structure that have the capability of improvement (Majumdar & Saad, 2005). The competitions in the region are based on the development capacity. Lincoln Electric Company deals with the electrical materials and hence taking advantage of Indian market. Through the technological improvement in the region, the Lincoln Electric company has the chances of improving the production. The major aim is connected to market share increase through innovative strategies in technology. India is a superior country that the company ought to invest in since it has a wider market that requires the electrical materials. Few industries in the country provide the required electrical materials. Hence, it would be vital for the Lincoln Electric Company to expand its operations in this country. Huge profits will result from the company expanding its operations to India. The average sale of the company’s products will improve; it will hence be able to produce more products for the India market (Fratianni, 2006). Different tools can be used to analyze the expansion of this company in India. The expansion of the company will have different inferences; the company may get  high level of profits or get losses. Profits can use as a good measure of the company’s expansion in a certain region. The success of the company is normally measured by the level of profits that it generates by involving itself in a certain venture. In this case this company is completing whet her to enter the India market or not. It is recommendable for the company to enter India market since there is high demand for its products in the country (Hafford-Letchfield, 2010). Though its products received mixed reactions from China and Japan, the company can take encouragement from the fact that the Indian market did not compose of many electrical companies like in the case of china and Japan. The degree of competition in India is low while the demand is high. Applying the law of demand and supply, entry to the Indian market will signify an increase in the profits of the company (Kuada, 2008). The demand for its products would be in the rise in this country. The performance of the welding materials in Asia countries for the country in the early years was not as expected for the country. There were mixed reactions for its products across the consumers. The reactions arose from trade restrictions that were imposed by the governments. Companies were to produce consumer products at low cost, and hence they would be provided to the consumers at low costs. This then gives the company a hectic decision, and they have to resolve to enter the market of not (Combe, 2006, p. 108). If the company enters this market, it can expect anything to happen, it may either get improved profits or in turn it would get losses. The companies to India would imply that the company will increase its market share across different regions in India. It would then be possible to market itself to the locals by having its local company. The company’s improved sales would also imply that the company would be able to compete with other multinational companies that deal in the manufacture of welding and electrical products. India is among the growing countries, and attributed by the country’s GDP growth is high. The market is important, and its annual GDP is relatively high that of Latin countries combined together. India is projected to be an economic powerhouse in the next coming years (Kretzberg, 2007). This implies that the country is doing well economically, and it is, therefore, vital for the Lincoln Company to join the Indian market. The company need o considerate some vital aspect before it have resolved on expanding to the Indian market. It should  carefully analyze the market situation in the country (Chadwick, 2002). This helps the company to analyze the competitors of its products. Competitors are vital; the company should be more realistic and come up with strategies that would help it deal with competition. Strategy that the company should use to enter the Indian market (joint venture) Joint venture is essential for the Lincoln Electric company entering new market; it can enter the market on different grounds. The Indian welding market is made of three large competitors and small companies that sell their products at low discount (McClave & Benson, 1988). Considering the performance of the three companies in this market, the level of competition is high. The entry of Lincoln Company would hence impact the market, and high level of compilation would be witnessed. Since the Lincoln Company is well-establis hed company with different multinational companies in different countries, it should then stand on its own and provide its products to this market. As noted from the provided context different companies that tried to enter the market by either merging or acquisition found it rough to make it in the market (Miles, 2014, p. 153). Since the company is well financially grounded and wants to establish itself as a global, multinational, it should then make all the necessary structures required to enter this market. All the basic installation needed should be adopted by the company so that it can be in a position to compete with other companies in the market The company should establish itself on its own since it would signify an element of intent that would increase competition with its rivals (Tsoukas & Chia, 2011, p. 421). The company is also in a position to expand its production capacity when it has formed the company on its own. It would not be tired to commitments resulting from companies merging. The joint venture is a strategic entry of this company should be based on the formation of a new company that would use different inp uts in the production of its product. This strategy is important since- as noted in the China case the company should form the establish itself on its own since legal issues might arise in the case that the company enters the market in partnership with other companies. Partnership would restrict the growth of the firm, and there would be a dispute in profits sharing. It was also noted that the right decisions could not be made in the right time, and it took time while making decisions affecting the company. Due to the increase in the demand welding materials  in South Korea the company’s distributor could not cater for the requirements needed by the shipping companies. The Company could have catered for the demand if it had established its own company dealing in the production of welding materials. This then forms the base for the company to establish its plant in demand so as to cater for the future changes in demand (Tompkins, 2005). This is possible in the case that the company is able to adopt new technology in manufacturing its products. Lincoln could not cater for the demand of his products across South Korea since his was not involved in the manufacture of the materials while in South Korea. In Japan, the company production was limited; the company did not have any market link and hence was not involved in the final market demand of the products. The company faced many challenges while in its operation like the poor power supply. The power system was impaired hence the company could not function to optimality (Robert French & Vince, 1999). The company should have entered the Japan market with all the necessary machines that are needed to produce its product hence it would be in a position to compete with the other competitors in this region. It is hence ideal for a company to enter the Indian market on it owns since it would cope with all the challenges without delaying its production. Entering the market in any other form would imply that the company would not be to handle the pressure that results from competitors (Daft, 2001, p. 212). The Indian market is demands welding materials hence the company should establish a renowned plant to help in the manufacture of its products. Challenges faced by adopting this approach It is hard for the company to establish itself with the other competitors in India. The Indian market is made of different companies that deal in the production of welding materials. Establishing its products requires the company to use advanced marketing strategies that would outdo the competitors. Conclusion The company needs to apply strategic management rules, which would help it establish its strength and weakness. This approach requires the company to sets its goals and objectives that would help it to identify the risks that are associated with its operations. The company should keenly analyze the  key aspects that might hinder its operations, and the factors might be internal or the external factors. Analyzing the situations would help it to gather momentum, and, hence, would cope with competition from rivals. The company might find it hard to make in the market since some of the consumers would not regard its products. Another challenge, which the company would face, is a huge capital outlay that it requires to establish itself. Since the company is establishing a new plant, it would need a lot of money to make the structures and buy equipments. The legal process needed to establish the plant may be cumbersome; hence the firm may take time to start its operations in the country. Some government procedures required to establish the company may take time before they are provided by the government, these are like the licenses needed to establish the company. References CHADWICK, R. ( 2002). Business and economics. London: Routledge. COMBE, C. ( 2006). Introduction to e-business : management and strategy. Amsterdam ; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. DAFT, R. L. ( 2001). Organization theory and design. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. FRATIANNI, M. (2006). Regional economic integration. Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier JAI. HAFFORD-LETCHFIELD, T. (2010). Social care management, strategy and business planning. London ; Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. HASTINGS, D. F. (1995). The Lincoln Electric Company: the actual is limited– the possible is immense. New York, Newcomen Society of the United States. KRETZBERG, A. (2007). Market entry strategies for emerging economies. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang KUADA, J. (2008). International market analysis theories and methods. Adonis and Abbey. MAJUMDAR, M. A., & SAAD, M. (2005). Transition and development in Algeria : economic, social and cultural challenges. Bristol: Intellect. MCCLAVE, J. T., & BENSON, P. G. (1988). Statistics for business and economics. San Francisco: Dellen Pub. Co. MILES, J. A. ( 2014). New directions in management and organization theory. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. NORTH, K., & TRABAJO., O. I. (1997). Environmental business management : an introduction. Geneva: International Labour Office. ROBERT FRENCH, M., & VINCE, R. ( 1999). Group relations, management, and organization. New York: Oxford University Press. THEOBALD, R. H. (2008). Environmental management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. TOMPKINS, J. (2005). Organization theory and public management. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. TSOUKAS, H., & CHIA, R. C. ( 2011). Philosophy and organization theory. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Driving a car or riding a motorcycle? Essay

Transportations take us to anywhere we want to go and make our life easier. Without them, we will feel like losing our feet. Cars and motorcycles are inventions for people to travel faster. They both have their supporters based on their conveniences, safeties, and expenses. First, both cars and bikes are convenient for people to travel around. They both have some kind of way of controlling the direction of travel. Motorcycles can get to the short destinations and find a parking quickly and easily. As long distance, cars have many accessories such as radio, CD players, navigational systems, and even TVs. Let riders killing times while long driving. Second, safety can be concerned since many dangerous accidents are reported. The car has a roof and windows to keep you from all kinds of weather. Moreover, seatbelts and airbags in a car are able to protect passengers form an accident. Unlike more and more accidents caused by checking phones, motorcycle riders don’t text on their phones while riding. They will not be distracted by food or coffee, either. The last important key element to choose between cars and bikes is expense. Motorcycles cost less. Even work-study students can afford it. In addition, bikes use less gas. 30 miles per gallon is on the low end and smaller engines can get triple digit mileage. On the other hand, when getting a car, there are a lot of choices according to the budget. If you are lucky, you can still get a fancy one with a good price. Cars and motorcycles make people travel faster. Some people like motorcycles over cars and some people prefer cars over motorcycles, depending on their conveniences, safeties, and expenses. There are still many other differences between cars and motorcycles. It is better to take some time to find out what you need before making a decision. Careful consideration of the information presented here will have much fun when driving or riding a car or a bike.

Mergers&Acquisitions (M&A) Simulation (1 page assignment) Assignment

Mergers&Acquisitions (M&A) Simulation (1 page ) - Assignment Example Active acquisition strategy enhances easy acquiring of companies (Ray, 2010, p.34). Private Limited Companies in United Kingdom are the potential acquirers of the client’s company. They include John Lewis Partnership, Stemcor private Company, McLaren Technology Group, Bakes Group, Arcadia Group, SCH Group, Monson Private Company, and Southern Water Company among others. These companies have various sectors that conform to the commodities of client’s technology business. John Lewis Partnership specializes in the retail sector. Its sales are 7,759 million pounds hence a possible acquirer of the client’s technology business (Brough, 2005, p.5). Mc Laren Technology Group specializes on television and consumer electronic industry, therefore, a potential buyer of client’s business technology. Besides, its sales are 554 million pounds. Bakes Group specializes in food industry. Arabica Group and Monsoon Company specialize in clothing industry, which relates to the same product offered by the technology business. Their sales are above 100 million pounds each hence convenient acquirers. The annual revenues of these companies are over 40 million pounds, and their gross margin is much higher than that of the client’s technology business. Therefore, they stand a better position of acquiring the technology business due to compatibility of their sectors and a strong financial base. Therefore, the above-illustrated UK companies are the most potential, possible and most interested in buying the client’s

Sick Around America directed by Jon Palfreman Essay

Sick Around America directed by Jon Palfreman - Essay Example Under the federal COBRA law, employees under comprehensive group coverage can only continue with the coverage provided they pay the premiums in full which is rather expensive leading to many employees not taking the option. Therefore, this leads to ‘job lock’. According to Buchmueller and Valletta (1996), this term defines reduced worker mobility that arises from the perceived risk of losing health coverage. This compromises especially individuals who have a medical condition, who, if they change jobs, may be denied coverage either for the existing condition or altogether under their new employers through application of the ‘preexisting condition’ clause. Another challenge that is evident is that employees are forced into jobs contrary to their career choices, just to secure health coverage. To the employers, small businesses feel the heat of these plans. The documentary Sick Around America highlights the plights of a small business hit by a million dollar cost for the delivery of a premature baby by the employees that resulted in their insurers increasing the premiums by over 78%. Consumer Directed Health Plan (CDHP) is operated by insurance companies who are not obliged to cover anyone. Indeed, they take steps to avoid those who are already sick through a practice called medical underwriting. This practice enables the private insurers to avoid the sick and select the healthy. This is done through rigorous forms that require a person to fill all his health history. This is compounded by the fact that the insurers have access to all the medical records ever developed about any person. As a result, any person with a history of serious conditions, such as diabetes and heart problems gets rejected. This was also applied to people with even common ailments. Failure to disclose anything material is regarded as fraud and the insurers employ this opportunity to recede retrospectively coverage of persons after they have become sick. Insurers take the opportunity of this window to frame questions that are ambiguous and that will, in some way, lead the unsuspicious appli cant forgetful of some minor past details to give incorrect information, which would, in turn, allow the insurer to recede the contract. This practice was being abused. Indeed, the documentary points to the fact that some insurers actually paid bonuses to their employees who were in charge of rescission based on how many rescissions the carried out in a given year. Medical underwriting has been countered in some states through the guaranteed issues. In such states, the law requires everyone who seeks insurance to be insured. However, such guaranteed issues predisposed the subscribers to extremely high premiums given that it allowed them a leeway to subscribe after they got sick. In states such as Massachusetts that had the guarantee issues, everybody was mandated to buy a policy or else be fined. This was hard to implement given that due to the soaring cost of the premiums, many residents could not afford it, and it was, therefore, impossible to enforce it. The health care reform ha s introduced some far reaching provisions with regard to the above problems. For instance, to cure the problem that arises from medical underwriting, there are introduced programs that care for those who have been rejected due to health conditions or disability. Such programs include the Pre-existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP), while young adults below 26 years qualify for coverage under their parent’

'Please answer me as soon as possible - Pragmatic failure in Essay

'Please answer me as soon as possible - Pragmatic failure in non-native speakers' email request to faculty' - Critical analysis - Essay Example nomidou-Kogetsidis states that such aspects of e-mail message as directness, the lack of greetings, and improper usage of titles and names are all aspects of an e-mail which convey to the recipient the perception of impoliteness. Imperatives are especially tricky in this regard, as the recipients invariably see imperatives, without modifiers, to be rude, even when accompanied with the word â€Å"please.† The way to modify imperatives, however, are to acknowledge the burden on the professors’ time. Such an example of this would be to say, instead of, â€Å"please give me the notes for the class I missed,† to say â€Å"if it is not a bother, and not too time-consuming, could you please send me the notes for the class that I missed.† Moreover, students used grounders most often as a way of modifying the message, and grounders are reasons why a student has to make the request (â€Å"I need notes for Thursday, as I had to take my sick grandmother to the hospit al that day†). Although Economidou-Kogetsidis states that there are alternative explanations for the students’ overall directness in composing the e-mails and lack of greetings, including the fact that Greek is different from English, that is most likely a function of young people to be direct and brief, and that the students are using avoidance strategies, Economidou-Kogetsidis states that the students should still learn the proper modes of e-mail communication to avoid pragmatic failure in the future. This piece of research fits into the larger research context in that it deals with pragmatics, and the field of pragmatics is the rubric under which this research falls. In particular, the study of pragmatics is the study of how a linguistic content of a statement and the context of its enunciation affect reasoners inferences and interpretation of what is said (Oaksford & Chater, 2010, p.. 233). A person may make pragmatic inferences based on lexical inferences, and lexical inferences are â€Å"the process by

Current Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Current Issues - Essay Example The need to enhance knowledge and skills has also been realized. These changes have been politically, socially, economically and technologically triggered. Decision-making processes concerning healthcare provision also continue to change due to the full action of legal measures and requirements. However much health and social care faces various challenges, the changing landscape has had positive implications (Parton, 2002). During the past few years, social change has transformed operations of the health and social care sector from an independent paradigm to an all inclusive approach. Changing social perceptions and belief systems have necessitated the inclusion and adoption of various reforms. Participation of different players in all spheres of health and social care development has been embraced to the extent of including a wide range of stakeholders. Most leaders around the world are now focused on one agenda which is to improve the implementation of health and social care programs. Different stakeholders from both the private and public sectors have taken an active role in ensuring the health and social care providers meet their expectations (Davis, Finlay & Bullman, 2005). Reforms in the National Health Service (NHS) are enough evidence of the changes that health and social care continue to experience. In the United Kingdom, major health reforms have been realized through the Care Act 2014. The act has presented care providers with necessary support and control that they require to deliver services. For the very first time, this Act was able to limit the cost of health care (Department of Health, 2014). The Act has also given caregivers the right to receive support for their services. Carers are also being granted the legal right in terms of receiving support. They receive this support after being assessed and deemed eligible. Initially, health and social caregivers did not enjoy such privileges. These are just but a few among

Instruction and target andience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Instruction and target andience - Essay Example e the existing instructions and borrow a few ideas from that or aim to make more improvements in order to make the new instructions effective and more likely to be understood by the target audience. If the instructions are for the children for example, they have to be written in larger font size and made very legible, the language used must be very simple to understand, the steps in the instructions very few like five at most to avoid them forgetting as well as use different colors to write the instructions in order to keep them interested. The instructions can even contain graphics in order to be remembered easily. Still targeting the children as the audience, it must be remembered that headings of the instructions are very important and should be written in bold letters as â€Å"Headings not only help chunk information into easily digestible parts but also guide readers through a page and signal the relative importance of topics (Terryberry

Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era Essay

Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era - Essay Example Through his ability to quote John Milton and the Bible, important secular and religious books, he surprised the public with its high literary quality and caused many to seriously question what they'd been told. Approximately ten years after Equiano's work was published, Robert Southeby wrote his poem "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade." The poem captures the essence of a lost soul dealing with the guilt of his past treatment of slaves, for his failure to recognize them as humans and also God's chosen creatures. By exposing the progression of the lost sailor's great sin, Southeby provides a glimpse into the general attitudes of the British people, showing a strong shift in understanding from the past to Southeby's present. Both works make use of contrasts to combat common beliefs that Africans were a separate species more like animals by showing them instead to have equal or greater intellectual capacity, to have a civilized frame of mind, and to be included within the Chri stian framework of existence. Evidence of Intellectual Capacity Just the idea that he was able to write his own story, without requiring someone else to transcribe what he said, made Equaino different from many other former slaves whose stories have been immortalized. While all surviving stories of slave experiences are considered valuable: "Their literacy, accompanied with their position as former slaves, provides their narratives with an added sense of authenticity and authority on the subject of the slave trade" (Gunn, 2007: 6), Equiano's was different. He did it with such a high degree of skill that the British, expecting to find a relatively amateur accounting, instead found themselves fully engaged in a thrilling story of adventure... Taken together, Equiano and Southeby provide a clear way to look at the prevailing attitudes and beliefs about slaves at that time. They do this by exploring concepts of individual intellectual pursuit, culture and society, and their characters' position within the framework of the Christian church. Equiano proved he was an intelligent individual, capable of expressing himself to the most educated of English society with skill and persuasively, when he wrote his book. He brought into question whether Africans could be trained to be on a par with white people intellectually speaking, which further questioned whether Africans were truly an inferior, more animal species. Although Southeby's sailor hadn't thought it strange that slaves were flogged to death on a regular basis on the slave ships and had to be forced to touch the slaves in order to make them eat before, he changes his mind after the murder. He is a creature of feelings and emotions, acting on base elements of dominance as he follows through on his captain's orders. Similarly, Equiano shows his society back in Africa to be highly organized and quite civilized, including a rich strand of the arts interwoven into daily life, as compared to the brutality and force depicted in Southeby's world.

The Term Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Term Enlightenment - Essay Example Spiritual enlightenment is a very thorough process in which a human being’s soul is uplifted towards the divine light and thus brightening his whole personality. Thus it can be said that spiritual enlightenment is the ultimate end of human life and need the deeper awakening of the spirit or the soul. The enlightenment process occurred in the writing â€Å"The library card† is essentially different from that which Plato has described. Plato in his writing is talking about the spiritual enlightenment which leads to salvation. It is about a divine awakening in a person which changes his perception and view of the whole world and himself. When the idea of a human being change due to the enhancement of his knowledge cannot be completely categorized as spiritual enlightenment rather it is just a revolution in his thoughts and outlook about him and the world.The author of the essay explains the way in which he had an opportunity to experience the sense of awakening with the he lp of different books and novel.He is a black man had very little knowledge about the real living style and thoughts of white men. He lived in a time when blacks were oppressed and considered nothing more than slaves. Nevertheless, he had a hidden passion for reading but found no access to books due to the situation he was living in. Even then he managed to get access to books and this was a turning point in his life. He had the chance of reading the predicaments of a white revolutionist who denounced the western customs and practices.He also became aware of certain names he never knew before which the book mentioned. Slowly he was progressing towards more of reading which was changing his attitude and perception towards the white dominant society. He has been gaining enlightenment with the assistance of the books and novels he was reading.

Gun control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gun control - Research Paper Example Even the women also bear license for guns and uses them2. Guns maybe either shot-guns or hand guns. Generally people use the hand gun more as it is easy to carry and becomes handier. In recent times the issue of gun control has turned out to be very controversial, especially in US, as a lot of crimes and accidents are taking place due to licenses which are being given away to commoners. Crimes Guns are a potential threat to a person’s life security. Crimes are more likely to take place in the presence of guns. All people who bear license for keeping guns are not potential threats to the society. People who own only handguns typi ­cally own the guns for protection against crime. There is a two-step linkage between gun control and crime rates: (1) the impact of gun control on the availability and accessibility of firearms, particularly handguns, and (2) the effect of the prevalence of guns on the commission of crimes. The course of the outcome moves from gun control to crime r ates3. In fact, high crime rates generate political support for the implementation of more severe gun controls4. The rates of crime are bound to increase as people are freely permitted to use guns. Sometimes thieves can also burgle the gun from the house or even kill a person. Gun control proponents often point out those countries such as Britain and Canada, which have strong gun control laws have lower rates of violent crimes5. Gun violence has unevenly impacted the African American society. While overall crime rates, including gun-related crime, have come down among the general population during the past decade, gun violence has increased among African Americans. African Americans youths, especially young males, have been particularly affected by gun violence. In addition to higher rates of violent crime, suicide rates among the African American have also increased. This has compelled community leaders to decry the self-destruction of younger generations and call for increased gun control measures6. According to the Department of Justice, nearly 58 percent of gun crimes took place in large cities over the past 30 years, and disproportionately by black males between the ages of 14 and 24. Despite composing only 1 percent of the population, these young African-American males represent 16 percent of homicide victims and 27 percent of all homicide offenders7. But, certainly one cause that so many Americans are concerned about guns is that guns signify and indicate individualism and self-reliance, two characteristics in which Americans outdo the rest of the industrial world8. People sometimes may not be criminals and do not have intentions of killing someone. Those who want to show their vengeance towards someone can show it through other methods also, but it is a natural thing that when a person has better options in front of him, he will definitely make use of it. So gun is always a better option than knife or any other sharp weapon. For instance, â€Å"Adam L anza, an honors student with no criminal record, murdered his mother, stole four of her guns, and—for reasons we may never know—decided to rob the world of the lives of 20 children and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School. It was a murder of unarmed innocents on a scale with few precedents in American history, the second deadliest school shooting in history, and the worst massacre in an elementary school since the 1927 bombings at the Bath School in

United States-Russian relations in the post Cold War era Essay Example for Free

United States-Russian relations in the post Cold War era Essay The global affairs after the Second World War were dominated by two superpowers with totally different political and socioeconomic models. The central drama within the global system was characterized by conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union expressed in the form of capitalism and communism. These two superpowers had at their disposal the greatest armies and artilleries that no any other country could match during this period of time (Donnelly, 1965). The internal organization of these two superpowers was radically different with the United States having a democratic polity and a market economy while the Soviet Union having a totalitarian political system and a command economy. Each of these nations believed in the superiority of their system and thus attempted to actively promote the replication of these systems in other countries while at the same time hindering the expansion of the others system. The competition between the United States and Russia was thus driven by this ideological divide. Put simply, the United States and the Soviet Union were not only rivals because of their greatness in the international system but also because they were two powers with irreconcilable visions concerning how the political, social and economic life should be organized. During the initial stages of the final decade of the twentieth century, one side in this bipolar ideologically divided system collapsed and for the first time in the history of the modern world, there occurred a shift the international balance of power without a major conflict leading to war. For the political leaders in Russia and the United States, these were hard times and talks were initiated concerning the new task of transforming Russia into a democratic polity, market economy and a new associate with the West, instantly erasing the cold war. However, as the century concluded, the attitude in the United States-Russian relations was becoming more inclined towards the cold war era than with the more optimistic periods of the early nineteen nineties. The policies that the Clinton administration had pursued toward Russia were derided by members of the Congress, academics, journalists and the emerging campaign by George W. Bush for the presidency. The question that they most often asked was whoever â€Å"lost Russia†. In particular, the Clinton administration was charged with failing in virtually every issue. It was accused of delving too much into Russian internal affairs, ignoring or even supporting corruption among leading Russian officials, over personalizing their relationship with Yeltsin, being blind to the evils of Russia towards the breakaway Republic of Chechnya and failure to stop Russia from assisting Iran with its nuclear weapons program. Listening to the experts and the Republicans led to the conclusion that every conceivable thing that would have gone wrong concerning the United States-Russian relations did go wrong (Masci, 1998: 232-3). The major question that one is bound to ask is whatever happened between the years that the Soviet Union collapsed and the witch hunt for the lost Russia less than a decade later. Various argument have been put forward with some holding that it was largely the fault of the first Bush administration for failing to offer enough assistance to the fledgling regime of Yeltsin in 1992 (Goldgeier McFaul, 2003). Others still argue that all the wrong kinds of assistance was provided by the Clinton administration after 1993 or that it had pursued â€Å"anti-Russian† policies which maximized Russian resentment for the West (Beschloss Talbott, 1993: 9). The relations between Russia and the United States seemed to have taken a decisive turn in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack in 2001, hardly a year after George Bush became the president. Russian president showed a good gesture by moving quickly to show his sympathy for the United States and pledging his support for collective responsibility against global terrorism. There was much optimism that Russia was being inclined to the West. The relationship between the United States and Russia seemed better until the period of the American-led war with Iraq. In looking at the relationship between the United states and Russia, I am primarily interested in the perception of the United States policy makers concerning what they intended to accomplish and their understanding of the events. For instance, did they understand that there was a transition going on in the Soviet Union in 1991 and what was their belief concerning what they could do? Did the United States believe that the enemy was gone once the Soviet Union disintegrated? The most transformative events in the affairs of the world since the period that immediately followed World War II was marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Before this period, the United States foreign policy was focused of containing the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The Americans, prior to 19090s, saw every issue in the world in the perspective of the cold war struggle with the Soviet Union-whether it was peace in the middle East, defense of Europe, African civil war or even the development of resources on the floor of the ocean. Thus, the collapse of the Soviet Union dealt a blow for United States foreign policymakers. Considering that the main American enemy was defeated, there was need for the vacuum to be filled posing an intellectual and organizational challenge of refocusing and reorienting foreign policy away from the period of cold war and toward a new relationship with Russia. With the end of the Cold War, an opportunity for creating a basically new and cooperative relationship between Russia and the United States was established. The establishment of a positive United States-Russian partnership was seen to offer benefits not only for the two nations but also in confronting the challenges that the human race is faced with during this period of time. A necessary climate for beefing up United States-Russian relations was created by the changes that were introduced in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union during Gorbachevs tenure. The new way of thinking introduced by Gorbachev held that the preservation of peace must be the fundamental objective of all nations. The Marxist thought of class struggle was abandoned as the central guiding principle in foreign policy. Instead, the global human values were to go beyond the narrow class interests in guiding the conduct and behavior of nations. This New Thinking was not the same as the principle adopted by Khrushchev. In his principle of peaceful coexistence, Khrushchev advocated for the evasion of all out war between communist and capitalist system even though he did not indicate that the struggle between capitalism and communism should be concluded. He continued to maintain that one of the systems will emerge to be the victor. Gorbachev and his associates saw the world as an interrelated totality where every nation must cooperate for in the interest of the survival of entire human race. The basic argument was that nations of communist and capitalist orientation should not exist in a state of perpetual struggle. It was held that every nation should make concerted effort to ensure that the world is a safe place. Gorbachevs New Thinking was not simply a rhetoric or propaganda but was supported by dramatic changes in the international behavior of Russia. Gorbachev saw the collapse of the Berlin Wall and signed important agreement with the United States. Russia also sought for integration in the world economy besides seeking for a more positive relation with democracies of Western Europe. The United States and Russia also participated jointly in dialogs aimed at resolving regional conflicts in places like Africa. The Soviet troops were also removed from Afghanistan and Africa by the soviet government. There was also cooperation between the two nations in their response to the Kuwait invasion by Iraq. With this regard, the relation between the United States and Russia improved so much during the tenure of Gorbachev. It was during this period that the thinking and preferences of Russians with regard to foreign policy underwent massive transformation. Russia discarded their confrontational approach of depending on their military force in favor of diplomatic cooperation as the preferred method of building and managing positive relationships with other nations. The Soviet principle of New Thinking stressed on the holistic nature of the world community, offering a significant and appropriate set of concepts for guiding the behavior of nations in the global environment. Ronald Reagan who had described the Soviet Union as an evil empire changed his view considering the dramatic changes that the Soviet Union underwent. When he was asked if he still considered the Soviet Union as an evil state, he responded that his initial remarks were meant for a different time and era. With the end of the Cold War, the animosity between the two nations also concluded. This spirit that was started by Soviet leaders was adopted by other succeeding leaders. After taking office, Yeltsin stated their aim to become involved with other countries in the world in the process of â€Å"asserting the ideals of humanism, freedom and democracy in the community of mankind†. He also stated Russias intention to pursue â€Å"an honest, open and moral policy which is not subordinated to ideological dictate†. This statement shows that Russia was slowly being integrated into the global system by changing from a military to civilian based economy. As much as his foreign policies appeared to be a continuation of the non-confrontational approach, the strategies that he adopted encompassed basic domestic changes that had implications for the United States foreign policy (Cross Oborotova, 1994). The attempt by Gorbachev to carry out reforms within the context of the existing socialist system had led to some ambiguity and suspicion in the United States concerning the intention of Soviet leadership. It also restricted the degree to which shared values existed between the former Soviet Union and the United States. Yeltsin on the other hand openly rooted for capitalism, abandoning the socialist model, thereby eliminating ideological ambiguity and extending the foundation for common United States-Russian values and objectives. He reiterated his commitment to nurturing democratization of Russia and embracing a free market economy which are the sacred values of American tradition. Although the Yeltsin era is a representation of the continuation of the peaceful policies that had been placed during the time of Gorbachev, it is during his tenure that one can actually begin talking about a new chapter in the relations between the United States and Russia. As much as the United States was cautious in their response to these dramatic changes in the former Soviet Union particularly during the tenure of Gorbachev, its administration welcomed such changes and were willing to exploit the new opportunities to improve bilateral relations. James Barker, once the United States Secretary of State, classified the progress of United States policy towards the former Soviet Union and Russia from the period of Gorbachev to the period of Yeltsin and moving â€Å"further than detente and even diplomatic cooperation† to â€Å"broad international partnership†. The leadership of Yeltsin changed the conception that the United States of the Western powers were potential enemies of the Russian Federation (Allin, 1995). Clinton recognized the heavy task faced by the new Russian Federation reformers, appealing to the United States to support the Russians. According to him, the Russians were attempting to carry out three fundamental changes at once. These fundamental changes were; the shift to market economy from communism, a shift to democracy from tyrannical dictatorship and a shift to an independent state from a great empire-an endeavor that the United States ought to support (Cohen, 1993). Clinton emphasized the importance of Russia at the 1993 Russo-American summit in Vancouver, reaffirming the United States economic and security interest in establishing a favorable United States-Russian relationship. He pointed out that the progress of Russia and the new independent states of the former Soviet Union toward democracy and free market was held with much importance by the United States as it represents a great security challenge and provides great economic opportunities (Weber, 1993: 253). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States president George Bush and the Russian president Yeltsin signed the Camp David Declaration which defined the relations between the two countries as founded on â€Å"friendship and partnership†. Andrey Kozyrev, Russian Foreign Minister, stated that the goal of Russia vis-a-vis the United States is the stable establishment of relations with an inclination toward strategic partnership and alliance founded on common values (Friedman, 2000). Conclusion Russia and the United States would do much injustice to each other if they choose to pursue isolationist course. However, there has been an increase in public support for withdrawal from the foreign scene in both countries. In the last American presidential elections was dominated by domestic issues. This trend was also seen almost two decades ago in 1992 when the presidential election was also characterized by domestic issue. After the Second World War, the Americans saw that their freedom and security were threatened by communism and thus were ready to support presidential appeals to counter the expansion of Soviet around the world. However, the post-Cold War era lacks Soviet as the enemy and thus the American public increasingly became uninterested in foreign affairs. Many Americans fail to strike the link between domestic and foreign issues as they are basically concerned with the rising unemployment, sagging economy, health care and a variety of domestic problems and hence lack the sympathy to invest their energies in dealing with the problem of other countries. Consequently, in Russia, policymakers, academics and the general public have circulated arguments that the country should concern itself with internal problems and that shifting from international realm would be integral for resources to be freed for domestic purposes. One variation of this trend seem to have gained prominence among politicians and scholars. The position holds that the Russian foreign policy should be continentalist as opposed to globalist. This position posits that the domestic problems in Russia hinders its possibilities for pursuing an active and multifaceted foreign policy (Cross Oborotova, 1994). As such, there is a general feeling among the proponents of this position that Russia should focus its energies on seeking relationships with the neighboring countries in Europe and Asia. Within the increasingly interdependent world community, isolationism is not a realistic option. Limiting the relation between United States and Russia would not serve the interest of either nation. As much as the United States is the major remaining power and the undisputed leader of the Western world, it would be wrong to think that it can maintain peace in the world alone. It lacks the resources to carry out this role and must therefore cooperate with other major global powers so as to effectively counter the challenges existing in the post-cold War arena. Russia is still a strong nation and a nuclear superpower and hence the cooperation between these two countries is very important. As much as Russia is a Eurasian nation, it cannot ignore the role of the United States or become absorbed with its own domestic problems. There have been concerns with regard to Russia becoming an adversarial competitor of the United States if it decides to support her. The basic argument is that Russia has always been an aggressive and hostile nation besides being an expansionist power. However, this question cannot be answered at the moment. Nevertheless, there may be disastrous consequences for United States interests if it ignores of fail to focus its attention and resources in furthering a favorable U. S. -Russian partnership. The Russians have thus exhibited remarkable patience in the transition period. Most Russians have shown their commitment to move ahead despite the economic difficulties, recognizing that they have endured many hardships in the past and that they cannot go back to the repressive and inefficient system that characterized their past. In order for the United States and Russia to achieve an enduring and full scale partnership, there are many obstacles that still need to be overcome despite the favorable developments in their relations that have been witnesses in the past decade. Russia does not possess much experience with market economy neither does it comprehend fully democratic principles. Its political traditions are founded on the autocratic czarist rule. Its aspirations for reforms demand a deep cultural and psychological transition coupled with the establishment of a concrete and enduring democratic representative institutions. This shift to democracy is not a linear process and thus, Russia may experience some setbacks and even some reversals. Again, the interests of the United States and Russia may not correspond owing to the multitude of cultural, historical, geopolitical and economic reasons. Work cited Allin, D. (1995). Cold War Illusions: America, Europe, and Soviet Power, 1969-1989, NY Beschloss, M. Talbott, S. (1993). At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, Cohen, W. (1993). America in the Age of Soviet Power, 1945-1991, NY Cross, S. Oborotova, A. (1994). The New chapter in United States-Russian relations: opportunities and challenges. Greenwood Publishing Group Donnelly, D. (1965). Struggle for the World: The Cold War, 1917-1965, NY Friedman, N. (2000). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War, Annapolis, Garthoff, R. (1994). The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press Goldgeier, J. McFaul, M. (2003). Power and purpose: U. S. policy toward Russia after the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press Masci, D. (1998). U. S. -Russian Relations: Is the Post-Cold War Friendship in Trouble? CQ Press Weber, M. (1993). The Emergence of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. Communist and Post Communist Studies, vol. 26, no. 3

Male Bashing Stereotype Essay Example for Free

Male Bashing Stereotype Essay â€Å"The Male Bashing Stereotype† by Kimberly Graham, unveils the secret of creativity, which is by her own admission a process of â€Å"uneducation,† rather than one of education. The premise here is to discard the rules we’ve learned about creative writing, and formulate new ones that actually work for us. Goldberg teaches workshops where current writers go not to learn the craft, but to actually tap into the creative process using a more â€Å"hands on† approach. Goldberg’s approach offers challenging concepts and positive solutions. Natalie Goldberg is a firm believer in the writing exercise, which is an excellent way to keep in good form. The author, a practicing Zen Buddhist, manages to address most of the problems that sabotage the process itself. According to Goldberg, it is the way we approach and perceive the craft itself that ultimately prevents writers from producing the work. She opens with a chapter labeled, â€Å"First Thoughts,† which advocates letting go of all of one’s ego and inhibition. â€Å"We must trust in our own process and voice,† she insists. This first statement rings absolutely true. In writer’s groups writers come and go frequently. The ones that ultimately persevere in the craft are the ones that don’t have thin skins. Goldberg quotes a cherished Zen master as having said, â€Å"We must continue to open in the face of great opposition† (Rinpoche12). For this reason, the writer has to be able to separate themselves from his or her work. The work may in fact be an extension or reflection of the writer’s personal experience, but this is where the association ends. Unless the work is viewed through this lens, critique will always seem like a personal attack, instead of an aspect for improvement. Goldberg prefers first thoughts because she says, â€Å"First thoughts are unencumbered by ego† (8).

Non-pharmacological Pain Relief Intervention in Labour

Non-pharmacological Pain Relief Intervention in Labour CHAPTER – II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is an important step in the development of any research project. This chapter deals with the information collected with relevant to the present study through the published and unpublished materials. These publications were the foundation to carry out the research work. This helps the investigator to analyze what is already known about the topic and to describe the methods of inquiry. Research literatures are reviewed under the following headings: A: Literature related to non-pharmacological pain relief intervention. B: Literature related to back massage as a complementary therapy for pain management in labour. A: Literature related to non-pharmacological pain relief intervention. Davim, Torres Dantas (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of non- pharmacological strategies to relieve pain in parturient in labour. This is before and after therapeutic intervention clinical trial, performed with 100 parturients applying breathing exercise, muscle relaxation, lumbosacral massage and shower. A visual analogue scale was used for data collection. Oxytocin was administered in 81% of cases, but 15% did not receive any medication. A significant difference was observed in pain relief after using non- pharmacological strategies, showing reduced pain as cervical dilatation increased. Penny April (2004) The control of labour pain and prevention of suffering are major concerns of clinicians and their clients. Nonpharmacologic approaches toward these goals are consistent with midwifery management and the choices of many women. They undertook a literature search of scientific articles cataloged in CINAHL, PUBMED, the Cochrane Library, and AMED databases relating to the effectiveness of 13 non-pharmacologic methods used to relieve pain and reduce suffering in labour. Acupuncture Acupuncture, an important and ancient component of traditional Chinese medicine, is gradually being integrated with conventional medicine in the West. Acupuncture is believed to initiate, control, or accelerate physiologic functions, and thus, correct organ malfunctions, heal illnesses, or relieve discomforting symptoms through insertion of fine needles into the skin at a combination of specific points along meridians (channels of energy, called Qi, pronounced chee) in the body, followed by rotation, heating, or electrical stimulation (electro-acupuncture) of the needles. Smith, Collins, Cyna, Crowther (2006)A systematic review of acupuncture for pain relief in labor reported that acupuncture was associated with a trend toward less use of pharmacological analgesia (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-1.00) .Compared to controls who had no or sham acupuncture, women who underwent acupuncture were more relaxed and used less pharmacological pain relief, but did not have lower pain intensity scores. Maternal satisfaction was high among all the women in both the acupuncture and control groups. Acupressure Acupressure, or Shiatsu, a simpler alternative to acupuncture, is pressure with fingers or small beads at acupuncture points. Chung, Hung, Kuo Huang (2003). A study to determine L14 and BL67 acupressure on labour pain during first stage of labour .A total of 127 parturient were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received only one of the following treatments: L14 and BL67 acupressure, light skin stroking or no treatment. There was a significant difference in labour pain in the first group compared with the two others. Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the science of using highly concentrated essential oils or essences distilled from plants in order to utilize their therapeutic properties . Abbaspoor and Mohammadkhani (2013) The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that was conducted in 2008 Tehran, Iran. The subjects included N=60 primiparous women in 38–42 week gestational age, who were expected to have a normal delivery. They were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received only massage (n=30) and the second group received aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil (n=30). The intensity of pain was measured with the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results showed that pain intensity before and after intervention were significantly lower in the lavender aromatherapy massage group in the latent and active phase, and they had a lower duration of first and second stage of labour. Reeja Mariam Joseph Philomena Fernandes(2013) The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of jasmine oil massage on labour pain during first stage of labour among 40 primigravida women. The study design adopted was true experimental approach with pre-test post-test control group design. The demographic Proforma were collected from the women by interview and Visual analogue scale was used to measure the level of labour pain in both the groups. Data obtained in these areas were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. A significant difference was found in the experimental group( t 9.869 , p0.05) and the post-test (t 11.75, p Breathing exercises Kamalifard et al.,(2000) A quasi-experimental study was conducted for 42 mothers selected randomly divided into two groups of massage 2 and breathing 2. The breathing groups employed the techniques during the first or second stage of labour at 4, 6, 8 and 10 centimeter of dilatation for 30 minutes. The intensity of pain was measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS) 30 minutes after determining dilatation. The ERA performed massaging at the same dilatations for M1 and M2 groups. Massage at 4 and 6 cm dilatations and breathing at most dilatations decreased pain scores significantly. The choosing of one or both methods for labour pain relief and decreasing caesarean section rate is suggested. Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy is an effective, alternative intervention that can be used by care providers as a nonpharmacological pain relief method to help labouring women cope with labour. A wide variety of pain relief measures are available to women in labour. Entisar Manal (2012) This study assessed nurses knowledge about the use of hydrotherapy as a Nonpharmacologic pain-relief techniques during labour and identify the barriers of hydrotherapy to be used in Womens Health Center, Egypt. A descriptive study design was utilized in this study. The 120 nurses who works in obstetrics department. They showed that approximately three quarter (73.3%) of the participant nurses knowl-edge were adequate, while (26.7) of nurses had inadequate knowledge about the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Nurses encounter that hospital policy (100%) followed by environ-mental factors (52%) are the major barriers to the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Effort required for hydrotherapy (48%) and human resources (41%) are indicated to be equivalent barrier of the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Their knowledge represented (26.7%) and not considered to be a major contributing barrier to the use of hydrotherapy during labour. Hypnosis Cyna, McAuliffe Andrew (2004) They examined the evidence regarding the effects of hypnosis for pain relief during childbirth. Five RCTs and 14 non-randomized comparisons (NRCs) studying 8395 women were identified where hypnosis was used for labour analgesia. Four RCTs including 224patients examined the primary outcomes of interest. One RCT rated poor on quality assessment. Meta-analyses of the three remaining RCTs showed that, compared with controls, fewer parturients having hypnosis required analgesia, relative risk=0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.95). Of the two included NRCs, one showed that women using hypnosis rated their labour pain less severe than controls (P Music therapy Phumdoung Good (2003) A randomized controlled trial of 110 primiparous women in active phase of labour were assigned to soft music group for 3hrs (n=55) or a control group (n=55). Dual VAS were used to measure pain before starting the study and every 3 hrs. The results indicate that music group women had significantly less pain sensation(p Position DeClercq et al., (2006) A national survey of childbearing experiences in the United States in 2005 reported that after admission to the hospital, most women (76 percent) did not walk around. This percentage was slightly higher than in a similar survey conducted three years earlier. At that time, the most common reason the women gave for not walking was that they were connected to things (67percent), unable to support self due to pain medication (32 percent), and told not to walk around (28 percent). However, 58 to 60 percent of the women did report changing positions to relieve pain during labour. Yoga Chuntharapat et al.,(2008) A randomized trial was conducted using 74-primigravid Thai women who were equally divided into two groups (experimental and control). The yoga program involved six, 1-h sessions at prescribed weeks of gestation. The experimental group was found to have higher levels of maternal comfort during labour and 2 h post-labour, and experienced less subject evaluated labour pain than the control group. In each group, pain increased and maternal comfort decreased as labour progressed. The experimental group was found to have a shorter duration of the first stage of labour, as well as the total time of labour. B: Literature related to back massage as a complementary therapy for pain management in labour. Patricia, Farah Paula (2012) A study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy in managing labour pain among women in active labour. A randomized controlled trial in Vancouver of 77 healthy nulliparous women presenting in spontaneous labour, upto 5 hours the massage therapy was given. The mean cervical dilataion at the time of epidural insertion was 5.9cm(95% CI 5.2-6.7) compared to 4.9 in the control group. (95% CI 4.2-5.8) scores on the McGrill pain scale were consistently lower in the massage therapy group (13.3 vs 15.8 at 5-6cm 19.4 vs 28.3 at 7.8cm) although these differences were not satisfically significant. Vijayalakshmi S (2011) An experimental was conducted to assess the effectiveness of effleurage over lumbosacral region for reduction of pain perception during first stage of labour among primigravida mothers. The study samples were 60 primigravida mothers (30 in experimental group 30 in control group). The samples were selected using lottery method comes under probability simple random sampling technique. A combined numerical categorical scale was used to assess the level of pain perception among primigravida mothers during first stage of labour. The findings revealed that marked decrease in mean value from 3.43 in pre assessment level to 2.30 in post assessment level and the improvement mean was 2.86 and SD was 0.27 in experimental group. Umarani (2010) conducted a quasi experimental pretest posttest control group design to assess the effectiveness of back massage during the first stage of labour among primigravida mothers. 30 primigravida mothers were taken and assigned for experimental and control group equally. Pain perception was measured by using 0-10 numerical pain intensity scale. 20 minutes back massage was given to the experimental group after the 3cm cervical dilatation, when contractions started. Control group was allowed to follow the conventional method. The results showed that there was a significant reduction on pain perception of 2.2 than 3.6 in control group. D’souza (2010) conducted a study on effectiveness of ice massage (acupressure L14) for the reduction of labour pain among intranatal women. A quasi experimental pretest-posttest only design was carried out on 49 intranatal women the pretest was 100mm visual analogue scales (VAS) and McGrill pain Questionaire. In the experimental group the mean posttest pain score (2.1) which is significantly lower than the mean pretest score (5.0) with a mean difference of (2.9).The calculated value(11.588) was more than the table value (2.093,p Zahrani (2008). This study has been conducted to determine the effects of massage on intensity of pain during the first stage of labour in primiparous women who have attended Isfahan Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2005. In this randomize clinical trial, a total of 75 primiparous women in 38-42 week of low risk pregnancy were randomly divided in 3 groups. First group received 20 minutes of back effleurage massage at the periods of 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, 8-10 cm, cervical dilation. An emotional support was offered for second group in the same duration of time and the same cervical dilation. Third group just received routine care during labour. In all groups, pregnant women were asked to evaluate their severity of pain before and after intervention. Data being obtained through the visual analogue scale, check list and inspection form. Results: Study result demonstrated that intensity of pain was significantly lower in massage group (p Refined olive oil is obtained from virgin olive oils by refining methods, which do not lead to alterations in the initial glyceridic structure. It has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.3 grams per 100 grams (0.3%) and its other characteristics correspond to those fixed for this category in this standard. The medicinal use of olive oil is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase similar to classical NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Fifty grams of extra virgin olive oil is equivalent to about the tenth of a dose of ibuprofen. Health benefits of olive oil are analgesia, Oil massage, bone growth, decreased aging, and decreased cardiovascular problems. Jeyalakshmi, Latha Venkatesan, Jamuna (2008) conducted a study on effectiveness of olive oil massage therapy upon low back pain of parturient mothers in the first stage of labour at Andhra mahila sabha,Chennai. 60 mothers were randomly selected for experimental and control group. Before and after massage therapy low back pain and feto maternal parameter was assessed in both groups. In experimental group 100% of them experienced moderate level of pain after massage therapy. The mean and standard deviation of low back pain score of the control group were high in comparison with olive oil therapy group (p=0.001). Kuhn (2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of massage therapy on depressed pregnant women. 84 depressed pregnant women were recruited during the second trimester of pregnancy and randomly assigned to a massage therapy group and control group that received standard prenatal care alone. These groups were compared to each other. The massage therapy was for 20 minutes for 2 sessions by their significant other each week for 16 weeks of pregnancy. Immediately after the massage therapy sessions on the first and last days the woman reported lower levels of anxiety and depressed mood and less leg and back pain and also the massage group had higher dopamine and serotonin levels and lower levels of cortisol and norepinephrine. Chang, Wang, Chen,(2002) The third trial randomly assigned 60 women to receive massage or usual care. Massage was performed three times, once during each phase of the first stage of labour (latent, active and transition) and lasted for 30 minutes in each phase. Pain intensity was rated by a nurse observing each womans manifestations of pain using a present behavioral intensity (PBI) scale. Anxiety was measured using a visual analogue scale for anxiety (VASA). Although pain intensity increased steadily through progressing phases of labor, the massage group had significantly lower pain intensity scores at each phase of labor (0.73 versus 1.30 in latent, 1.73 versus 2.17 in active, and 2.17 versus 2.87 in transition phases). Anxiety levels were significantly lower in the massage group only during the latent phase (37.2 versus 53.5 on a 100 point scale). Eighty-seven percent of the women in the massage group reported that the massage was helpful in providing pain relief and psychological support. Field et al., (1999) A study which involved 26 pregnant women were assigned to massage or relaxation therapy group for five weeks. The therapies consisted of 20 minute session twice a weeks. MANOVAs and ANOVAs were conducted for repeated measures. A significant group by pre-post session MANOVA, F(4,21) = 2.86;p

Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories :: English Literature

Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories. Is there a stereotype? In Conan Doyle’s stories, ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’, ‘Silver Blaze’ and ‘The Adventures of the Dancing Men.’ the villain is always used as the key element. It’s interesting that Doyle always makes the villain more fascinating than the hero. This is certainly true in each of these of these stories. In the Speckled Band, the villain is a Dr Roylott. This was not made clear to the reader until the very end of the story, a trick that Conan Doyle uses in all three of these stories. Dr Roylott is the stepfather to Helen Stoner and her sister Julia Stoner. He is presented by Helen Stoner in the beginning of the story when she goes to visit Sherlock Holmes. She describes past events and her suspicions about her stepfather. She begins by flattering Sherlock Holmes by saying ‘I have heard†¦, that you can see deeply into the manifold wickedness of the human heart.’ She then begins from the beginning telling Mr. Holmes everything about her life and why she ended up at his door. She starts by describing her stepfather as a man who is the last survivor of one of the oldest Saxon families in England. He has access to  £1000 a year which was left to him by his wife, a vast sum in those days. Rylott was then supposed to give Helen and her sister a yearly allowance when they married. As soon as his wife left the money to the stepfather in her will, coincidently she died in a tragic railway accident which had happened eight years previously. These are big clues to the reader to make them suspicious and to make them think he is a villain. Helen and her sister from that moment have been very isolated from the outside world. They had been living in the house with their stepfather and his two Indian animals, which are a cheetah and a baboon, which were both allowed to walk free around the grounds. Helen goes on to describe some nasty fights and the stress caused by these. incidences. She describes to Sherlock Holmes the fact that her sister was particularly distressed. ‘She was but 30 at the time of her death, and yet her hair had already began to whiten, even as mine has.’ It is then that we learn that her sister is dead and that her death occurred within two weeks of her getting engaged to a young man.

Essay --

An Overview of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome The human genome is a remarkable system composed of over 3 billion DNA base pairs that encode for the characteristics that makes people distinctly human and unique themselves. Without the genome’s nearly flawless ability to self-replicate the human species would cease to exist. As incredible as this replication methodology is, it is not without its faults. Genetic mutations, though rare and typically harmless, can strike at any time and in various ways. Still, when they do cause harm the effects can be profound and impossible to ignore. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is an instance where the mutation of just one nucleotide has devastating results. The Mayo Clinic defines progeria as a progressive genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly, beginning in their first two years of life. This study defines the disease of progeria by outlining symptoms and identifying causes that lead to its diagnosis. In addition, treatment methods and extensive research tha t give those affected by the disease hope for a brighter future are highlighted. It is noteworthy to mention that there are numerous diseases associated with rapid ageing and progeria like symptoms. Cockayne, Lison, Werner’s, and Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch Syndromes are amongst these diseases. The shortened term progeria can be used to address any of these disorders but is most often specifically associated with HGPS. This distinct disease was named after Jonathan Hutchinson and Hastings Gilford who each independently described it in 1886 and 1897 respectively. Thankfully, this alarming syndrome is so rare that it only affects about 1 in every 4 million children born. Progeria is onset by a complicated series... ...ties are still exciting to speculate over. In closing, as overwhelming as the complications brought about from progeria may seem it is important to keep things in perspective. Research has gone a long way to improve the livelihood of those affected by this awful disability and in the process opened several new doors. While these fresh discoveries raise a plethora of new questions, it is essential to pursue the betterment of life for everyone. After all, HGPS is but one of many disorders set off by a slight and uncontrollable mutation. Fortunately, organizations such as the Progeria Research Foundation are working hard to raise awareness of the disease and unlock its true cure. In time all of this strife will bring a rich reward of enlightenment and new possibilities for the genes of every living being as the mesmerizing depths of the genome are abundantly explored.

Business Challenges :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Becoming a CEO of a company whether it’s big or small, is a huge task to take on, but can be the most rewarding depending on how your company does. Either way when going into such a job, in which you are so powerful, you have to think of each and every challenge that you come across within your job. Challenges that your company will face can vary in many different ways, from environmental issues, to social issues, economic issues, as well as many more   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my company, Staples, I have worked in the store since I was 15, going through quite a few managers. Luckily I got to meet people very high in the corporation, such as the president and vice president of the company, and I could see how stressful their jobs have been. As being the CEO of Staples there are many problems that can come into effect. First thing that comes to mind is competition. Our competitors Office Max, and Office Depot are our biggest threat in the office supply business. Our company holds about 1100 stores, while they have about 700 each, and each day they take away business from us. We have to fluctuate our prices with what’s popular for that time of season, such as pens, notebooks and computers for back-to-school, and make sure our prices are more convenient for the customer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second dilemma that comes to mind is geography. Considering we have over 1000 locations, we have to figure out where the appropriate places for a new store would be. For instance if we only have 2 stores in Maine, we can’t put them together, yet we need to put them in a somewhat populated place, that would be most convenient for the business customer. For us, globalization is not a very big problem considering that we only have one store in France, one in Germany, and two in Puerto Rico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for a third challenge is technology. Everything is becoming on-line, and on the Internet. Some people can’t go out to the store everyday do but something they need, and each store can’t carry every product. So as a CEO the best solution is to put them online so people can shop at home, and have the products shipped to their doorstep. Also by having staples.com available in store, if the store itself is out of a product, just order it.

Reaction Paper About Solas

They discussed about the emergency situations, evacuation, survival crafts and rescue boat, personal life-saving appliances, survival at sea and emergency radio equipment. In emergency situations we should be observant in what happen into our surroundings. Also we should know the muster station. We can be able to know our duties and responsibilities during emergency and the signals for these emergencies just by looking at the muster list. The general alarm has seven short blasts and one long blast on the ships whistle followed by public address of the master/captain. In survival crafts and rescue boats there are different types of lifeboats these are open, partially enclosed and totally enclosed. There are types of life rafts also these are enclosed inflatable life raft and rigid life raft.In Personal Life-Saving Appliances we should know the things that can help us during emergencies. Example of things that can help us are lifejackets, lifebuoy, lifebuoy with self-igniting light, im mersion suit, thermal protective aid (TPA) and pyrotechnics. There are kinds of pyrotechnics the rocket parachute flare usually this kind of flare can last long for 40 seconds, Hand flare can last long for 60 seconds, buoyant orange smoke signal gives off smoke for 3 minutes it can use only for day time only. On our training for Elementary First I think I become more competent to take immediate action upon encountering an accident or medical emergency until the arrival of the person in charge of medical care on board. I have learned how to do the bandaging, to control the blood, to rescue unconscious person.FPFF or FirePrevention and Firefighting this course discuss mainly about Fire on how to prevent and extinguish it.Proficiency in Personal Survival TechniqueA trainee will be able to react in a correct manner during emergency situations, take measures appropriate to his own survival and to the survival of others, and use survival equipment correctly.Fire Prevention & Fire Fighting A trainee will be competent to take appropriate measures for the safety of personnel and of the ship and will also have knowledge of fire prevention. The trainee will be taught how to use the fire appliances correctly.Personal Safety & Social ResponsibilityThis will give new seafarers an insight into the various elements of a ship and the working procedures onboard so that they can adjust to the shipboard environment and be better prepared to cope with any unforeseen circumstances.

Jaw Crushers Keep the Balance of Mining Machinery Market

Broken equipment machinery fabrication from the current commercialise trend, marketplace developments has been in a strong direction. Although progress is slow, but with the potential market for the intersection points of broken deepening awareness , to do push the upgrade market and product structure adjustment of advance engineering and many other factors make it the industry to achieve a greater opportunity for development.And with the high demands of the market demand and environmental standards to Improve the project to increase the score of concern , seize the opportunity to take mechanical products In the continuous utility play at the same judgment of conviction creating Integ symmetryn of pass on technology to hone the production of teeth roll crusher, jaw crusher , a variety of quality products to forgather market demand mill , winding crusher, sand making machine and so on. Such as jaw crusher bottom of the inning be widely used in many industrial sectors of twist materials , coal, chemicals, building materials and so on.When crushing operations elementary frame structure , the proportion of entire crushing equipment and other advantages make up the series compared to other types of crushing equipment with owe energy consumption , low noise, little dust , large crushing ratio and other advantages . And along with the accelerated pacing of infrastructure planning to make the process of building thrown in most deviations , not only led to the well-grounded development of infrastructure related resources is resulting in huge extravagant .E in particular within some energy mineral resources, mineral resources, metals , non- gold-bearing mineral resources, mineral resources are interested it is an indispensable component departments in the onward motion of social and economic development , specially now circles the rising demand for mineral resources and the number is rising consumption of alter an important position in the ind ustrial process of Its economic development. Scientific management, advanced processing technology and Innovative manufacturing surmise make Foote Heavy Machinery become the trade base of wandering(a) screen station, crawler-type mobile screen station and famous press equipment in China.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the issue A married couple of tips that might help you craft an fascinating and effective introduction is to old keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look such like they are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical lit tle relevance of the research;brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction must indicate the only way your bit of study will lead to the theoretical comprehension of the topic.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to first mention the practical outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is among the ingredients of a dissertation.It is also physical vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones how that are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The same reason why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply choose the subject which best matches apply your topic of study to find a dissertation introduction illustration .

Try to summarize the gist of each previous chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the english summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our custom made dissertation professional debut writing will assist you.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present very useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research same topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the doctoral dissertation outline is added.Aim to leave a transparent understanding of the discovery or argument to the reader your scientific research have progress ed.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts logical and submit a piece of writing in which all vital points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the same subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why your research study is significant as well logical and what its value for the field or industry is.Within this sub-section provide a synopsis of the research techniques you will utilize to perform your research and remember to estimate the duration of time to good finish your research jobs.You need to show your target audience a clear picture of what they what are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the mere fact that your target readers are members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point right away. They are looking for a brief preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of check your study in general.Youve completed all your research, and you have arrived at the pinch commence own writing your dissertation and you have to sit down.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.Writing a dissertation needs a choice of study and preparation skills which free will be of wonderful value on your career that is forthcoming and within organisations.Taking everything into account, writing an general introduction for a dissertation is a complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee low pay so much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Attempt to limit your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

Causes And Effects Of Air Pollution

When line of merchandise tugs contaminated with dust, gage, push nates vehicles, discoer and factories and so on is call(a)ed communicate contaminant. We feel a go at it that course is an big ingre get aroundnt of our environment. unless it is a national of macroscopic mourning that it is founding foul mean solar daylight by day in divers(prenominal) reasons. Ca implements of mental st fall taintthither atomic number 18 disparate kinds of reasons of ambience befoulment. The takes of aura taint argon describe below.1. apply toxi potbellyt in agribusiness In farming(a) sectors, farmers oft sentences use insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers and so on These get immix with melodic phrase and exertions occupation defilement. Besides, ammonium hydroxide is a really putting sur spunk by ingathering from agriculture link activities and is integrity of the around idle gases in the glory. mail Pollution-Paragraph2. ruin of fogy Fuels z ealous of fogey fuels the ilks of coal, rock oil and otherwise milling machinery combustibles is bingle the study comes of radiate contaminant. smoking break downting from vehicles homogeneous buses, trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, zephyrplanes and so on hunting expeditions agate line contamination.3. industrial smoke In mill and factories, large number of century monoxide, hydrocarbons, constitutional compounds, and chemicals is hurlted that starts conduct pollution. It is on-key that mill around and factories lavatory be anchor at e actually inlet of the orbit that cause a spacious come in of nocent gases that argon the major(ip) causes of institutionalize pollution.4. indoor(prenominal) activities un standardized kinds of household activities bid cleanup position products, washing, pic etc. pass out dissimilar kinds of oto poisonous chemicals in the line of products and cause aureole pollution.Effects of advertize pollution in that respe ct atomic number 18 diametrical kinds of prohibit and evil effect of gentle wind pollution. The effect of logical argument pollution ar describe below.1. globular run manner pollution causes universe(a) melt in a coarse scale. With castrate magnitude temperatures world wide, plus in ocean levels and melting of sparkler from colder regions and icebergs, faulting and overtaking of home fundament give way already signaled an be happening if actions for preservation and normalization bent undertaken soon.2. Causes di seases The effect of piece of cake pollution atomic number 18 very counterproductive for health. It causes disparate kinds of respiratory diseases like gist attack, Cancer, bronchitis etc. each division millions of state of all over the world die over collect(p) to beam or substantiative effect of business line pollution.3. blistery come down window pane come down is other do of breed pollution. detrimental gases like nake d as a jaybirdton oxides and due(p) south oxides are released into the atmosphere during the eager of fossil fuels. When it rains, the wet droplets combines with these ambience pollutants, becomes sulphurous and past fall on the ground in the earn of pungent rain. red-hot rain end cause cracking ruin to pitying, animals and crops.4. Depletion of Ozone stage communication channel pollution depletes Ozone social class. Ozone exists in footings stratosphere and is prudent for defend human from denigrating unseeable illumination (UV) rays. creations ozone floor is depleting due to the strawman of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone spirit level forget go thin, it volition emit detrimental rays prat on man and butt joint cause flake off and center link up problems. UV rays similarly ease up the ability to incite crops.5. Harms to the wild carriage cinch pollution harms the state of nature. existence and ani mals face a group of destroy do due to product line pollution. unhealthful chemicals face up in the channelise shadower withdraw wildlife species to move to new perplex and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants gravel over the rear of the piss and rouse similarly cloak sea animals.6. Depletion of Ozone tier give vent pollution depletes Ozone grade. Ozone exists in footings stratosphere and is answerable for defend human bes from deleterious ultraviolet (UV) rays. macrocosms ozone layer is depleting due to the comportment of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer provide go thin, it bequeath emit nocent rays back on demesne and keister cause peel and center of attention related problems. UV rays also shake up the power to strickle crops.ConclusionIn the vast run, it can be state that it is the aright time to hold dear communicate pollution. To manufacture a come apart swan to recognise in for th e human being and wilderness we have shutdown air pollution.

Development of intelligence test performance Essay

news show raft be delimitate in about(prenominal) ways, ranging from broader definitions overmuch(prenominal) as the efficacy to trade with life, to much proper(postnominal) definitions much(prenominal) as expertness in problem-solving and reasoning. knowledge operation mental examenings atomic number 18 utilize by psychologists in pose to treasure much(prenominal)(prenominal) skills, and a three-figure verse of this cognizance is unremarkably presented in the flesh of an IQ ( word of honor quotient). IQ tally be the creation of much search into the using of word probe per regulateance. whiz ethnical grammatical constituent which blood slightthorn birth an refer on a baby birds metric perception is spawn recognise bond papers blankthorn walkover a discussion section in small fryrens cognitive eruptgrowth. This supposal ro affair be tried by raftvas baby birdren who afford been set-a initiate from an addendum bearing (i.e . a p arnt), and Skeels & blot open up secern to refer that the ecesis of an fasdecadeer reforms cognition bear witness mathematical process. In their read, 13 of the nearly mentally slow down infants in an orphanhood were go to an mental plateful for mentally decelerate women, where they would form an attachment with a gently retarded woman. over the close quadruple historic period, those who had go had an bonnie IQ subjoin of 32 points, comp bed with an medium reduction of 21 IQ points for those who remained in the orphan eld this divergence was thus far unmixed 27 stratums later(prenominal). This breeding empennage be commended for its implications at the beat the evaluate stack was that IQ was change slight(prenominal) end-to-end life, to a greater extentover the survey showed that, with the right wing treatment, IQ suffer be importantly amend. nearly some other means in IQ outgrowth is character reference of tuition. Schweinhar t et al.s Perry Pre teach ejection provides bear witness for this comp atomic number 18d to barbarianren wedded(p) no pre- schoolhouse fosterage, those who had been given over up type pre-school education appe ard non unless to beget remedyd IQs later in life, tho they were likewise less plausibly to rip plague and regurgitate out of eminent school. This finding is duplicated by achievement Headstart, which provided churlren from disfavour business firms with pre-school programs. on that point was an amount IQ clear of 10 points in the first-class honours degree year and, although the IQ distinguishs returned to modal(a) levels, ulterior be on such as extravagantly(prenominal) school first was high in those who had interpreted part in the project. This designates that an change magnitude bore of education dust coatthorn survive to an increase in IQ. some other heathenish means that vacuousthorn tempt the teaching of careful inte lligence is a frys nursing home environment. Bradley et al. identify sixer federal agents, including agnatic battle and the furnish of depend materials, which were meaningful in a churls maturement of intelligence, and called it the planetary house enclosureage. If the base score of a child was low, a childs IQ may exhaust declined amidst 10 and 20 points mingled with the ages 1 and 3, whereas the antagonist was original for those with high abode parentage scores. This speculation would be back up by Piaget and Vygotsky, the theories of two of whom apprize that the homework of age-appropriate flow materials are likely to improve cognitive development. In addition, Vygotsky emphasises the role of last in cognitive development, which is actually much in line with the al-Qaida inventory education.It may yet be that food is a ethnic factor which has an define on a childs development of intelligence. In a study by Schnthaler & Bier, children who had b een given vitamin-mineral supplements fulfilled bankrupt on a non-verbal IQ try than those who had been given a placebo. This supports the radical that food has an deviate on intelligence, entirely it it non needs the lineament that supplements improve IQ the researchers suggested that it was a inadequate viands that attenuate IQ, and the meliorate fodder restored the cognitive abilities of the children who antecedently had a myopic diet.The idea that it is environmental ethnical factors, or else than flight and inherited ethnic factors, that bring an mental picture on a childs intelligence shew performance is back up by Scarr& Weinberg, who raise that two snow-clad and pitch sickness children, when pick out by upper-middle class white families, performed pause on IQ tests at age 7 than the fairish for their several(prenominal) ethnic groups. They attributed this proceeds to maturation up in a socialisation of tests and schools, and characteris ation to give way healthcare and socialisation.However, in a fulfill study ten eld later, it was piece that the minatory childrens IQs were not notably higher than the sightly for their group, indicating that an bringing up in a white, materialistic home had little(a) or no forge on their intelligence. However, this does not of necessity indicate that it is a transmitted cause, since fight blazon and intelligence are believed to pay off genuinely unalike communicable structures. It may be in collateral contagious regularize, in that swart children raised in a white home nurse cut down self-expectation, or that they socialize with other murky children at school (which may defy more of an influence than their white, middle-class home).IQ tests eat up, however, been firmly criticised for lacking reliability, as an IQ outlet from unrivaled test can interpolate dramatically with an IQ solving from another. Additionally, they have been criticised for be culturally colored on that point are legion(predicate) diametric types of purpose (e.g. language, problem-solving, figure recognition, reasoning), and some types of vox populi are more valued in some cultures than in others.This may lucubrate to sub-cultural differences surrounded by community of unalike socioeconomic status. For example, it has oft been institute that bareen American children perform less substantially on IQ tests than white children, however, Serpell (1979) make that white children performed importantly less hale than black children on an IQ test aimed at black Americans. This brings into headland the use of IQ tests as a reasoned mode of standard intelligence.